Interspecific gene flow has been implicated as causing non-monophyly of plastid DNA in Pinus lambertiana Douglas [72], but the relative contribution of retention of ancestral polymorphism versus hybridization and introgression are less clear in other cases.
Endotoxins, which may be present as contaminants, have also been implicated as causing ACD (Charous et al. 1997).
Among infections, various organisms have been implicated as causing stillbirth, including bacteria, viruses, protozoa, helminthes and fungi [ 6].
Chromosomal rearrangements visible on routine karyotype, as well as submicroscopic pathogenic copy number variations (CNVs) of numerous chromosomal loci, have also been implicated as causing TEF/EA.
Indeed, intraspecific competition has been shown to cause disruptive selection in natural populations of three-spine sticklebacks [ 22, 35], spadefoot toad tadpoles [ 18, 21], and Eurasian perch [ 23], and it has been implicated as causing disruptive selection in various other systems [ 15- 17, 19, 20, 40].
Since antibiotic use up to 8 weeks before the CDAD diagnosis has been implicated as causing infection in previous studies (1, 3 ), we examined both inpatient and outpatient antibiotic use within the 6 weeks before diagnosis of CDAD for cases and for 6 weeks before hospital discharge for controls.
In 2000, this infection was implicated as causing high rates of illness and death among foxhounds in a kennel in New York.
The list of drugs implicated in this study as associated with ADEs bears little relationship to lists of 'IMs' such as that developed by Beers et al. A large number of 'appropriate medications' are implicated as causing ADEs.
Insertion sequences have also been implicated as causes of large chromosome rearrangements through intra-chromosomal recombination [ 7, 25, 26].
Low fibre intake and limited fluid intake have also been implicated as causes of constipation, but there is little evidence from the literature to support this [ 18].
RNA plays key roles in both bacterial and eukaryotic gene regulation [ 1, 2], and changes to RNA structure have been implicated as causes for human genetic diseases [ 3].
