It is relevant to note that het-c, the antagonistic locus of het-d and het-e in VI, also displays signs of fast evolution [ 29] suggesting a co-evolution with the hnwd genes, thus new binding specificities might also be generated through evolution of het-c.
PCR amplification results in under-representation of both AT rich and GC rich regions [ 5, 6], but this can be minimised by the use of polymerases that have been generated through molecular evolution to reduce these biases such as KAPA HiFi [ 7].
In E. coli, genome reductions of such scale have been generated through multiple years of evolution and can be engineered through recombineering based methods.
Several mutant alleles increase in frequency over GS evolution, and we hypothesize that this increase is due to a beneficial phenotypic effect that is generated through GS evolution and repeated selection.
Next, we focus on evolution itself and study how these patterns and organization are generated through the course of evolution.
Aptamers can be generated through a technology termed "systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment" (SELEX).
While some gene duplications occurred in the Archaeplastida ancestor, most were generated during the sbp redirection process, and the remaining few paralogs were generated through compartmentalization or tissue specialization during the evolution of the land plants.
This limitation can be addressed by replacing anti-EpCAM with aptamers, which were generated through an in vitro cell-SELEX (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment) process targeting a specific type of cancer cells.
Like many multi-gene families, MHC is governed by the birth-and-death model of evolution where new genes are generated through gene duplication.
