However, good clinic efficacy has not been found in bladder cancer [ 6– 8].
Although altered expression of oncogenes, tumor suppressors, and other markers have been found in bladder cancer [ 6], the prognostic utility of currently available biomarkers remains limited, and they are not routinely incorporated into clinical practice.
The upregulation of hsa-miR-182 and hsa-miR-183 and the downregulation of hsa-miR-143 were found in bladder urothelial carcinoma compared to matched histologically normal urothelium in our Real-Time qPCR evaluation.
Cofilin is found in bladder cancer cell lines [ 30].
An overall TSC1 mutation frequency of ∼14.5% is found in bladder cancer (24) (Platt et al., in preparation) and missense mutations comprise 26% of mutations found to date.
Other examples of EMT associated with therapy resistance can be found in bladder cancer [15], lung cancer [16], prostate cancer [17], and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) [18].
Aberrant DNA methylation in single or multiple cancer-related genes has been found in human bladder tumors, cancer cell lines and urine sediments, and correlated with many clinicopathological features of this disease, including tumor relapse, muscle-invasiveness, and survival.
Furthermore, gene amplification of part of chromosome region 12q13-q15, which encompasses GLI1, has been found in a subset of bladder cancers (Simon et al, 2002).
Moreover, the FGFR3-TACC3 fusion has been found in other cancers such as bladder [ 11] and lung [ 12].
And in the tumors, it has been found in breast cancer, colon cancer, bladder cancer, benign and malignant prostate tumors, as well as pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma [ 5– 9].
Such an association has previously been found in a small cohort of bladder cancer (Hotakainen et al, 2006) where high TATI expression tended to be associated with a better prognosis.
