It has been established that single residue changes within the sequence element and especially within the central phenylalanine and threonine, reduce the transcriptional activity considerably and mostly abolish it [ 75, 76].
It has also long been established that single strands of CTG or CAG repeats can form pseudohairpin structures where CG base pairs stabilize structures containing TT or AA noncanonical base pairs, and that CTG repeat pseudohairpins are thermodynamically more stable than CAG repeat pseudohairpins (Gacy et al. 1995; Gacy and McMurray 1998; Hartenstine et al. 2000).
It has already been established that a single intrapleural inoculation of crystalline silica (quartz) produces malignant lymphomas of histiocytic type (MLHT) in Wistar-derived rats.
It has been established that a single 500-mg daily dose of ACET reverses metabolic alkalosis over 72 hours in intubated patients with COPD or asthma as effectively as multiple doses of 250 mg [ 9].
It has been established that a single copy of ABRE is not sufficient for ABA-mediated induction of transcription, but multiple ABREs or the combination of an ABRE with a so-called coupling element (CE) can establish a minimal ABA-responsive complex (ABRC), and thereby confer ABA responsiveness to a minimal promoter [ 3, 15, 18- 20].
It has long been established that a single word interjection, said in a particular way, can stand in for an entire sentence: "Yes" can mean either "Yes, of course it is so," or "Yes, I understand that; please continue" (Jones, 1936, p. 257).
As to the light-scattering experiments, by measuring the single-particle scattering characteristics and those of a close-packed particulate medium of similar single particles, it has been established that the particulate media continue to exhibit single-particle polarization characteristics but that these characteristics are neutralized (e.g., Shkuratov et al., 2004).
It has been established that there are significant correlations between SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) in genes related to the biological response to radiation injury (e.g. genes involved in DNA repair (BRCA1 and 2, XRCC1)) or DNA damage signalling (e.g. ATM) and the risk of radiation-induced normal tissue reaction (Andreassen et al, 2003).
Examining this possibility is complex because it is established that a single microRNA can influence the translation of more than one individual mRNA while multiple microRNAs can influence the translation of a single mRNA.
It was established that a single glass fibre coated with a suitable surface compound could be used as a matrix-free reference material for ethene.
It was established that a single fiber could be used with no obvious decline of performance for about 60 extraction/desorption cycles.
