Parallel evolution has best been documented in microbial experimental evolution studies (Rainey and Travisano 1998; Gerstein et al. 2012; Heron and Doebli 2013).
Elevated rates of evolution have previously been documented in toxin genes [ 2, 4, 41, 42], and this accelerated evolution is most likely due to their direct involvement in fitness [ 2, 4] and may be reflective of a coevolutionary arms race with specific prey taxa [ 6, 7].
Politicians, religious leaders, and other trustworthy sources conveying negative views and disbelief about topics such as neuroscience, stem cell research, and biological evolution have been documented in the United States (Dawkins 1986).
Such episodic evolution has been documented in systems ranging from evolving RNA molecules to macroscopic traits in the fossil record [53] [57].
Elimination of rDNA loci during chromosomal evolution has been documented in, e.g., Brassicaceae and Rosaceae [ 10, 14].
Rapid morphological evolution has been documented in other Zosterops species [ 42, 43], yet adaptive changes in morphology can often evolve too fast for neutral genetic markers to show congruent patterns of differentiation [ 40].
This type of evolution has been documented in other leukemias and solid tumors, suggesting that acquired resistance is a common feature of relapse (Diaz et al., 2012; Ding et al., 2012; Awad et al., 2013).
Correlations between reduced N e and faster rates of evolution have been documented in island relative to mainland species (Ohta 1993; Woolfit and Bromham 2005), in primates relative to domesticated dogs and rodents (Lindblad-Toh et al. 2005), and in broader comparisons of taxa (Popadin et al. 2007; Wright and Andolfatto 2008).
Phenotypic plasticity is thought to play a major role in evolution, and adaptive plasticity has been documented in stickleback and other postglacial fishes [ 43, 44].
However, transposable elements have rarely been documented in viruses, and their contribution to viral genome evolution remains largely unexplored.
