From each study group, one patient was diagnosed based on three additional anterior pituitary hormonal deficiencies and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) SDSs <−2 s.d. of predicted values.
History of coronary heart disease was determined according to the Rose questionnaire, atrial fibrillation was diagnosed based on electrocardiogram findings, and peripheral artery disease was diagnosed based on history.
Of those diagnosed with PsA, the majority (91.1%) was diagnosed on the initial rheumatology consultation and 18.3% were diagnosed based on history alone in the absence of any physical signs.
Unlike a disease like H.I.V., which can be diagnosed by a simple blood test, the cause of depression is unknown; it is a syndrome that is diagnosed based on a cluster of symptoms like sad mood, low self-esteem, suicidal ideation and insomnia.
Ultimately both of these diseases have to be diagnosed based on the patient's story and the physical exam.
There is no single parameter indicating malnutrition, which instead has to be diagnosed based on anthropometric and biological data, and by multi-factorial indices of nutritional risk.
In the most contested cases, shaken baby syndrome is diagnosed based on a triad of internal injuries in the brain: subdural bleeding, retinal bleeding and brain swelling.
Sixteen patients were diagnosed based on the initial symptom or sign alone; six, at routine medical check-ups or had perinatal diagnosis; and the remaining 38, based on one or more additional features following the initial symptom.
Significantly, 12 patients (13.3%) were not known to be HIV-positive and were diagnosed based on clinical suspicion.
In contrast to esophageal cysts, bronchogenic cysts are diagnosed based on the presence of cartilage [2, 3, 11].
