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Subsequently, placental-specific cell-free mRNAs species have been detected in maternal plasma [ 7].
The misregulated expression of placental circulating miRNAs has been detected in maternal blood with pregnancy complications (Table 1).
Circulating cell-free fetal DNA (ccfDNA) molecules have been detected in maternal plasma from the first trimester onwards, with concentrations that increase with progressing gestational age [ 5, 6].
BPA has also been detected in maternal and fetal plasma, in human placenta, and in the milk of nursing mothers (Calafat et al. 2006; Sun et al. 2004).
BPA has also been detected in maternal (Padmanabhan et al. 2008) and fetal plasma, placenta, and amniotic fluid (Ikezuki et al. 2002; Schönfelder et al. 2002) and in breast milk (Sun et al. 2004).
Phthalates can cross the placenta; DEHP and mEHP have been detected in maternal and cord blood (Latini et al. 2003) and their metabolites were found in amniotic fluid (Silva et al. 2004c).
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Tandem SNP sequences are informative and can be used to infer fetal chromosomal dosage when the mother is heterozygous and a third paternal haplotype is detected in maternal plasma, because the maternally inherited fetal haplotype can be quantitatively compared with the paternally inherited fetal haplotype (Figure 3).
We tested the hypothesis that the inadequately perfused placenta increases production of leptin, which can be detected in maternal serum.
As shown in Fig. 2, Qdot-ITK fluorescence was detected in maternal organs and in all placentas and fetuses analyzed.
Placental mRNA was detected in maternal whole blood, raising the possibility of using maternal blood for noninvasive prenatal diagnosis.
MSP1 was detected in maternal samples in 7 of 13 individuals before, and in all samples following treatment with dissociation buffer (data not shown).
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