Several methods have been described and include: plain radiography, digital radiography, quantitative computed tomography (QCT), dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and ultrasound (US) [8, 9, 10, 11, 12].
In the past year, several new broadly neutralizing antibodies have been described and include the trimer-preferring antibodies, PG9 and PG16, and the CD4 binding site antibodies HJ16, VRC01/2 and VRC03 [29], [30], [30].
Pathogenicity factors that are required for bacterial colonization, invasion and persistence within either vascular endothelial cells or erythrocytes have recently been described and include bacterial Type IV secretion systems (T4SSs) VirB/VirD4 and Trw, which are supra-molecular transporters ancestrally related to bacterial conjugation systems [1] [3].
The cognitive deficits associated with preterm (PT) birth have been described, and include diminished attention, memory and reasoning skills relative to full-term peers (Saigal and Doyle, 2008).
In addition, specific sociodemographic associations for community-associated MRSA infection have been described and include younger patient age, specific ethnic groups, and economic deprivation (1, 4, 5 ).
Four distinct mechanisms for the pathogenesis of preterm labour have been described and include premature activation of the fetal hypothalamic pituitary axis, mechanical stretch, inflammation/matrix remodelling, and placental abruption [ 8].
A direct cellular effect of norepinephrine on isolated hepatocytes has been described and includes stimulation of α-adrenergic receptor, increasing cytosol and intra-mitochondrial calcium levels, and activation of dehydrogenases of the citrate cycle [ 26, 27].
The diagnostic process at the DDB has previously been described, and includes radiological investigation, lung function testing, clinical examination by a thoracic physician and a lifetime occupational history [ 13].
Four types are described and include: classic form, endemic, iatrogenic (typically arising in the setting of immunosuppressive drug therapy) and AIDS-associated.
Preoperative findings suggestive of piriformis syndrome are described and include retro-trochanteric pain, sciatica-like leg pain, and paresthesias, as well as a positive response to computed tomography guided injection of dilute ropivacaine hydrochloride and 40 mg of triamcinolone.
Three methods of repair are described, and include direct restoration without a patch, patch repair of the triangular scar, or use of a retriangulation suture in ventricles with trabecular scar to imbricate the noncontractile region to restrict patch size.
