Interestingly, an increased expression of VEGF mRNA with exercise has been demonstrated in muscle of normal exercising mice [ 245].
The validity of textual case simulations has previously been demonstrated in medical education exercises [ 49], and during the assessment of mock clinical decision making [ 50, 51].
Due to the cross-sectional nature of this study we cannot infer anything about causality between physical exercise and pain; however, promising and effective reductions in neck/shoulder/arm pain have been demonstrated in response to physical exercise among sedentary job groups [ 10, 12].
86 A protective effect of lycopene, 87 fish oil supplementation 88 and undenatured whey protein 89 has also been demonstrated in subjects with EIB exercising in non-polluted air.
Additionally, differences in physiological responses have been demonstrated in rats treadmill or swimming exercised, being observed that treadmill exercise is more effective in modulating peripheral serotonergic system, whereas swimming has greater influence on sympathetic nervous system [ 51], increasing the adrenaline release [ 52].
Both have been demonstrated in clinical trials to increase exercise capacity in patients with World Health Organization (WHO) Group 1 PAH [ 14- 16].
Chronic rotator cuff tendon disorders have been shown to demonstrate similar pathological changes to tendon disorders in other areas of the body, e.g. the elbow, Achilles tendon, patellar tendon [ 20] where favourable results including reduced pain and improved function have been demonstrated in response to similar loaded exercise [ 21].
Exercise-induced increases in eNOS expression have been demonstrated in several reports as well as exercise-induced shifts of eNOS phosphorylation status.
Similar increases in cEPCs after exercise have been demonstrated in healthy, physically fit individuals, as well as in sedentary individuals with chronic disease [ 9].
This differential response to resistance exercise has been demonstrated in muscle function, that is, muscle quality [ 23], but not in muscle composition.
