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Traditionally, the cumulative periodogram has been defined for real-valued time series.
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We note that equation (31) is defined for all real-valued λ.
Based on the cyclostationarity of real-valued signal, directional cyclic autocorrelation (DCA) is defined for the complex-valued signal.
The metric is defined for each node i at time instant t as a real-valued number m i (t) ∈ [0,1].
While linear autoencoders can be defined over any field, only real-valued linear autoencoders have been studied so far.
In addition the λ-terms can be defined by other smooth-differentiable real-valued functions to represent different tasks.
Some other optimization methods are only well defined for functions of real-valued vectors, so in those circumstances the covariance matrices and functions would have to be decoupled and expressed in terms of those vectors.
Note that the conditions are shown for real-valued processes; for complex-valued processes, they need to be adjusted.
First, the research in [19, 20, 22, 23] are for real-valued channel matrix and real-valued noise matrix.
Some identities for powers and logarithms for positive real numbers will fail for complex numbers, no matter how complex powers and complex logarithms are defined as single-valued functions.
The real-valued representation ϕ k of g i is defined by: (2) In general, there is also a real-valued representation ϕ of a semi-infinite sequence S, x=ϕ(S) as k→∞.
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