All of them are defined as random variables and different cases are studied.
First, a deterministic aviation reciprocating engine thermodynamics model is developed and parameters of interest are defined as random variables.
These rays are defined as random clusters with specified statistical parameters extracted from available experimental data or ray-tracing modeling.
The authors recently proposed a model of the 3-D wind field in a thunderstorm event, which is characterized by a set of parameters that are defined as random variables with physical significance in meteorology.
As one of the major methodological decisions, student-level variables were defined as fixed (e.g., gender coefficient does not differ across schools) and the intercept was defined as random (i.e., average performance varies across schools) in all eight HLM models (two for each country).
A random p-glucose of 11.1 mmol/l or higher was classified as diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) was defined as random p-glucose between 7.8 and 11.0 mmol/l [31].
FA is defined as random differences in the shape or size of a bilaterally symmetrical character [24], which can be an indicator of individual fitness [25] because organisms exposed to stress during early development show less symmetry than unstressed organisms [26] [33].
'Group member' was defined as random effect.
