The base of the concrete was fixed and the symmetry planes were constrained to model the actual behavior of the whole model.
However, the comparison was constrained to each model's assumptions and to the available simulated scenarios, without explicitly defining a common set of parameters and approximations to be shared by all models.
The source of this misfit appeared to be the moderation in the group of older males: moderation effects in all other groups could be constrained to be equal (Model 2a vs Model 1c: χ(6) = 2.77, ns), and could subsequently be dropped from the model (Model 3 vs Model 2a: χ(3) < 1, ns).
where x 0) is constrained to be the model entry state and x(T + 1) is constraint to be the model exit state.
Finally, fully reduced rank factor analytic models are considered, where the particular form of the variance structure for additive effects is constrained to follow the model of Meyer and Kirkpatrick [ 9].
For the BASE model, parameter β 1 is constrained to dbh, and for models M3_HABH and GB99, parameter β 1 is constrained to dbh and β 2 to the upper stem diameter (diameter at 6 m for the GB99 model).
indicates those parameters, which were constrained to zero in the model assuming only downward migration, while indicates those constrained to zero in the stepping-stone model.
Specifically, we varied the Nssites option to generate log likelihood values for models where KA/KS is specified to vary among sites, but can be constrained to be <1.0 (neutral models) or allowed to rise above 1.0 (selection models).
Next, in addition to constraining the regression paths between the latent variables, the factor loadings were constrained to be equal across groups (Model 3) and this model was compared with the free model.
Positive selection acting on exon 2 was tested by comparing a random effect likelihood (REL) dual model [76] where both dN and dS are free to vary and are drawn from a general discrete distribution with N = 4 rate classes but where dN is constrained to be≤dS, with a model where dN is free to be>dS [77].
