Surface morphological studies were conducted using scanning electron microscope.
Microstructural and phase analysis was conducted using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis.
The direct enumeration of attached bacteria on thiol surfaces that were dipped in the inoculum for 10, 100, 1,000, 10,000, and 100,000 s was conducted using scanning electron microscope (SEM, JSM-7500F; JEOL, Tokyo, Japan).
A detailed investigation of crack-induced fracture surface was conducted using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and computer aided thermal-stress analysis.
Modal testing was conducted using scanning laser vibrometer on carbon/epoxy and glass/epoxy FRP plates that were manufactured with artificially induced delaminations.
Characterization of worn surfaces was conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and Raman spectroscopy to determine the chemical and microstructural evolution during friction testing.
Microscopic analysis was conducted using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) to determine the distribution of TiO2 particles on the surface before and after wearing.
Microstructure characterization and morphology analysis on the nano-structured coatings were conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).
The microstructure observations were conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM, S-3000N, Hitachi Corporation).
The microstructure analyses of hydrated products were conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), differential thermal analysis (DTA), thermo-graphic analysis (TGA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD).
