The porous and crystalline structures were characterized using nitrogen adsorption desorption and X-ray diffraction techniques, respectively.
The samples before and after adsorption were characterized using nitrogen adsorption, potentiometric titration, elemental analysis and thermal analysis.
The catalysts were characterized using nitrogen adsorption for determining the specific surface area, the pore volume and the mean pore diameter as well as using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS; UV vis), LRS, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and temperature-programmed reduction (TPR).
The nanostructure of the pores was characterized using nitrogen adsorption desorption analysis, with the resulting isotherms exhibiting type IV hysteresis loops, typical of mesoporous materials.
The structural properties of Pyrolox™ were characterized using the nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms measured at 77 K.
The pore structure of the active carbons was characterized using the nitrogen isotherms at 77 K.
The silica particles were characterized using SEM, TEM and nitrogen adsorption.
The materials were characterized using adsorption of nitrogen, potentiometric titration TA/MS, XPS, TEM and XRD.
The materials were characterized using adsorption of nitrogen, potentiometric titration, thermal analysis, XRF, SEM and FTIR.
The polymer's particles were characterized using FT-IR, nitrogen adsorption/desorption analysis and scanning electron microscopy.
