The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPAandand other regulatory agencies are investigating novel approaches to predict chemical toxicity, with the major goals being to enable the rapid screening of thousands of chemicals that have not previously been characterized, to increase mechanistic understanding of chemical toxicity, and to reduce the number of animals required for toxicity testing.
The last two approaches can be progressively extended as viruses are characterized to provide a continuous increase in sensitivity to new agents.
In addition to the announcement of specific inflation targets, inflation-targeting regimes have been characterized by increased transparency, enhanced communication with the public, and explicit accountability mechanisms.
Since cancer stem-like cells are characterized by increased resistance to chemotherapy, we wanted to address the question to what extent increased side population efflux properties are linked to glioblastoma stem-like cells.
A bZIP gene ThbZIP1 from Tamarix hispida in response to abiotic stresses had been characterized and showed to have an increased tolerance to drought and salt.
The unstable plaque phenotype is characterized by increased vulnerability to rupture and thrombosis.
Moreover, atopic dermatitis and prurigo nodularis were reported to be characterized by increased SP-positive skin nerve fibers [15], [16], which might explain the high response rate in our patients with these disorders.
TLR- or MyD88-deficient mice and commensal bacteria-depleted mice showed very similar phenotypes observed in our TNFR1KO/TAK1IEKO mice that are characterized by increased susceptibility to DSS-induced injury, dysregulated steady-state levels of cell proliferation and impaired production of cytoprotective factors [6].
