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Although many R-genes have been characterized from different taxa, none of them will help in the development of resistant ginger cultivars owing to the phenomenon of "Restricted Taxonomic Functionality" (RTF).
Numerous phytases have now been characterized from different sources and employed to protein engineering techniques, bioremediation of phytate-contaminated soil, animal nutrition and in food processing for humans, which has now included the enzyme in the category of nutraceuticals.
Glycerate kinases have been characterized from different bacterial sources.
A great number of PIs have been characterized from different plant species and engineered into crop plants for protections against pest and pathogens [ 1– 4].
Several specific RV variants have been characterized from different mammalian hosts, such as dogs, foxes, mongooses, and other carnivores, and bats.
Some endophytes have been characterized from different tree species, for example oak, pear tree, Sorbus aucuparia, and Betula verrucosa (Krid et al. 2010; Scortichini and Loreti 2007).
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The presence of atypical venom peptides and proteins indicates that scorpion venoms are a rather complex pool, and multiple currently unkown types of venom peptides and proteins remain to be characterized from different scorpion lineages.
Altogether, over 30 different actins have been characterized from various muscle sources, some of them having a very specialized role [ 24].
Evolution of a protein, at a particular site, can be characterized from two different perspectives [ 1, 2].
The antenna performances can be characterized from a different point of view when two-dimensional (2D) diffraction maps are acquired in Figure 4a.
Evolution at a protein site can be characterized from two different perspectives, by its rate and by the breadth of the set of acceptable amino acids.
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