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The number has been calculated by monitoring the gravitational tug the 4km-wide "ice mountain" exerts on the probe.
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Moreover, the film thickness dependence of T g for normal thin PS films is calculated by monitoring the adhesion force variations.
Monomer conversion and copolymer composition changes as a function of time were calculated by monitoring the peak height of characteristic absorbances of monomers.
In other words, the electroosmotic flow rate can be calculated by monitoring the dynamic flowing process of the fluorescent dye from one microchannel to another via the nanochannel array.
Loop-flipping frequencies are calculated by monitoring loop positions with respect to the membrane in 1-ms time intervals.
The fluorescence was measured immediately every minute for a kinetic cycle of 80 min. The final results were calculated by monitoring the fluorescence decay curve of FL.
Wild-type generation time was calculated by monitoring the increase in OD600 of a monoculture of DBY288 cells harboring the wild-type Hsp90 construct under each environmental condition.
APX (EC 1.11.1.11) activity was determined by monitoring the decrease in absorbance at 290 nm, the activity of SOD (EC 1.15.1.1) was measured by monitoring the inhibition of photochemical reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT), and GPX (EC 1.11.1.7) activity was calculated by monitoring the increase in absorbance at 470 nm due to the oxidation of guaiacol.
Glycolytic parameters were calculated by monitoring changes in the ECAR in response to sequential addition of d-glucose to assess glycolysis, oligomycin to measure maximal glycolytic capacity, and 2-deoxy d-glucose (2-DG) as a measure of glycolytic reserve capacity (Fig. 5A and B).
ATPase reactions were conducted with three or more replicates, and ATPase rates were calculated by continuously monitoring the amount of phosphate released using the enzyme-coupled EnzChek Phosphate Assay Kit (Molecular Probes, Life Technologies).
The average life expectancies were calculated by researchers who monitored slices of the population — say, 80- to 85-year-olds — to see how many survived over a period of time.
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