In other studies, anti-microbial activity of graphene oxide (GO) has been attributed to induction of microbial membrane damage, disturbance of the membrane potential [93] and electron transport [94], as well as oxidative stress by increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [95, 96].
The Schu4 strain of F. tularensis has been shown to suppress inflammation in infected mice, and this inhibition has been attributed to induction of TGF-β, another member of the apoptosis PPI network [4].
Its therapeutic efficacy has been attributed to induction of apoptosis in hyperplastic and cancerous prostate cells.
This has been attributed to induction by LPS of a variety of immune modulators, including IRAK-M, SOCS-1, and IL-10 [ 32].
The inhibition of angiogenesis exerted by NAMI-A has been attributed to induction of apoptosis, which in turn is linked to inhibition of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway and heat shock protein-27 downregulation (Pintus et al, 2002; Sanna et al, 2002).
It has successfully been used to prevent restenosis after coronary angioplasty (Tardif et al, 1997) and also prevents atherosclerosis and related cardiovascular diseases associated with increased oxidative stress and inflammation in several animal models, where its efficacy has been attributed to induction of heme oxygenase (Wu et al, 2006).
