The increase in white matter volume has been attributed to progressive age-related axonal myelination observed in histological samples [Benes et al., 1994; Yakovlev and Lecours, 1967], or alternatively, to increasing axonal calibre [Paus et al., 2008].
Less frequently, acute WNV infection has been associated with acute flaccid paralysis, which has been attributed to Guillain-Barré syndromotorotor axonopathy, or axonal polyneuropathy (4 – 6 ).
Insufficient recovery after peripheral nerve injury has been attributed to (i) poor pathfinding of regrowing axons, (ii) excessive collateral axonal branching at the lesion site and (iii) polyneuronal innervation of the neuromuscular junctions (NMJ).
However, many functions have been attributed to the protein including a role in axonal transport, endocytosis, mitochondiral and vesicular trafficking, and gene transcription [12], [14] [18].
In blunt closed-head injury, these diffuse axonal damages have been attributed to shear strain and tissue deformation caused by the rotational accelerations of the brain as an external force is applied to the head.
A relationship between axonal outgrowth and decreased adhesion has previously been described and has been attributed to changes in the cytoskeleton [19], [20], [22].
Changes in diffusion values such as fractional anisotropy and radial diffusivity can be attributed to growth of axonal neurofibrils such as microtubules and neurofilaments, which may occur when tasks are practiced [ 58].
Thus, the neuromuscular blockade produced by BrTX-I may be attributed to presynaptic activity, either by blocking axonal conduction or by affecting transmitter release at the motor nerve-terminal.
This may be attributed to mechanical damage, soft-tissue oedema, contractures due to cast immobilisation, axonal compression syndrome, and vascular etiology [ 15, 16].
The enhanced axonal regeneration reported in this in vivo model was attributed to an indirect effect on endogenous SCs or to an initial regenerative boost signal from transplanted uASC, which were present in high number 3 days after transplantation.
