Low concentrations of steroid hormones are associated with irritability, anxiety, or depressive symptoms and occur during the premenstrual, postpartum, and climacteric periods [ 6– 8].
Current irritability has been associated with multiple unfavorable illness characteristics in bipolar depression, including earlier onset age and higher rates of suicidal ideation, axis I comorbidity, atypical depressive features, and depressive mixed states (Balázs et al. 2006; Benazzi and Akiskal 2005; Benazzi et al. 2004).
Long-term, low-level exposure has been associated with more subtle symptoms of erethism, including fatigue, irritability, loss of memory, vivid dreams and depression.
Postpartum depression is associated with increased irritability misdirected at the child and reduced mother-child interaction [15], [18] [21].
Specific SNPs were associated with manic/hypomanic irritability.
Low SEP is associated with parental irritability, depression and anxiety and can compromise the parent– child interactions [ 17].
Both conditions can be associated with anger, irritability, emotional dysregulation, and difficulties in interpersonal relationships, all of which are plausible contributors to IPV perpetration [ 6, 41- 46].
Thus low progesterone levels and a cystine to serine change at position 145 in AKR1C4 gene were associated with manic/hypomanic irritability in males.
Others suggest that exposure to positive air ions may be associated with feelings of unpleasantness, irritability, and heightened anxiety [ 15- 17]; while some have found no mood alterations associated with air ionization [ 18, 19].
We found that GAD, SoPh, and SAD were each associated with increased self- or parent-reported irritability and that all three diagnoses were associated with the combined report of irritability from the two informants.
