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A 120 m hilltop transect on Bodmin Moor, southwest UK, displays a parabolic hilltop form, which implies it is in geomorphic steady state, yet the measured depths to bedrock range almost 6-fold from 14 to 80 cm, and the soil production rates derived from 10Be concentrations in rock at the soil interface range by 2-fold from 10 to 20 m/My.
Maximum U Th/4He ages obtained for the groundwater in the fractured bedrock range from 1473 ± 300 a to 137 ± 28 ka, suggesting the occurrence of several generations of fossil meltwater trapped under the clay plain after the last two glaciations.
It has been reported that the bedrock range has developed from shallow rankers to well-developed cambisols and fluvisols in the stream valleys [35].
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These sites can be characterized by artificial fill overlying marine sediments overlying glacial till and bedrock, where the depth to bedrock ranges from 20 to 80 m.
The density of oxidized, fractured bedrock ranges from 2.7 to about 2.2 g cm− 3, saprolite and grus have densities between ∼2.0 and 1.8 g cm− 3, and 30 soil samples averaged 1.6 ± 0.2 g cm− 3.
The strontium isotope surrounding the Cambrian and Ordovician carbonate bedrock ranged from 0.7096 to 0.7140 (Liu et al. 2007).
The bedrock bedforms range from plastically moulded (p-forms) and wholly abraded forms, to stoss lee forms and plucked surfaces all on an outcrop scale (1 100 m).
Calculated long-term uplift rates are within ∼15% of present-day measurements, while modelled rates of bedrock incision range from ∼1 mm/yr for low gradient reaches between knickpoints to ∼6 10 mm/yr close to retreating knickpoints, typical of observed rates in alpine settings.
Apparent exposure ages of tor summit bedrock surfaces ranging between 79 and 37 ka in an area deglaciated at ∼11 ka are consistent with the interpretation of these features as relict landforms that have survived glaciation with little or no erosion.
The engineering bedrock velocities ranged from 700 to 930 m/s.
The angular positions of the soil-bedrock interface range from β1 to β2.
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