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The nickel ion, like other metal ions, is essential for bacterial metabolism and becomes toxic at high intracellular concentrations [2].
However, Ca2+ becomes toxic at high levels, and several mechanisms are known that limit or reverse increases in cytoplasmic Ca2+ [1].
Cobalt is an essential trace element for humans, but becomes toxic at high concentrations.
Se becomes toxic at levels greater than 400 ug /d in the diet and deficient at levels lower than 40 ug/d.
As expected, we observed that A2E becomes toxic at higher concentrations, and a 6-h incubation with 25 μM A2E resulted in RPE cell death and the upregulation of inflammatory cytokines and an angiogenic factor.
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This was not a retreat from commenting as a whole, she said; it was an acknowledgement, however, that some conversations had become toxic at an international level – "a change in mainstream public opinion and language that we do not wish to see reflected or supported on the site".
Hence, these elements are regarded essential nutrients with trace amounts, but become toxic at high concentrations.
Nevertheless, many metals become toxic at high ion concentrations, because unlike toxic organic compounds, metals cannot be degraded or modified [1].
However, they may become toxic at later stages by altering essential neuronal processes (17, 40).
Some heavy metals such as copper, iron and zinc are oligo-elements essential for plant development, however they can become toxic at higher concentrations.
There may have been contaminants (eg, pesticides) in the green leafy vegetables, which became toxic at higher intakes, but we washed the fresh leaves thoroughly.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com