It has been proposed in models of the lifecycle of DNA-mediated TEs [ 5- 7] that most TEs will eventually become inactivated in a given species, which underscores the importance of horizontal transfer for TE survival, a mechanism that allows TEs to invade a naïve genome.
For instance, protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B becomes inactivated in A431 human epidermoid carcinoma cells in response to epidermal growth factor-induced H2O2 production [ 39].
Another possibility is that the virus may have become inactivated in the mosquitoes or killed as the specimens were processed.
The goal of the study was to identify any normal genes that may become inactivated in malignant cells, with associated modifications or loss of gene products.
Not only are some kinases redox regulated, but their dephos-phorylating protein counterparts (phosphatases) may become inactivated in response to increased intracellular H2O2.
Since several maternally imprinted genes limit growth, they possess tumor-suppressive potential and tend to become inactivated in different types of human cancer [ 1].
Interestingly, the pattern of gene expression in infancy and adulthood appeared to be opposite to each other, as the highly expressed genes in infancy became inactivated in adulthood, and vice versa.
Interestingly, nonprimate mammals and New World monkeys decorate glycolipids and glycoproteins with α-Gal, but not humans, apes, and Old World monkeys, as α-1,3GT became inactivated in ancestral Old World primates (76, 77).
We have also observed that PD150606 becomes inactivated over time when dissolved in aqueous medium with an inactivation half life of 12 h.
In dark-grown plants, this WDR protein acts as a key repressor of photomorphogenesis; in light, COP1 becomes inactivated, at least partly through gradual nuclear exclusion [ 37].
