Either inactive PP2A is recruited to the IKK complex in unstimulated cells and becomes activated with a certain delay following IL-1 treatment.
Mechanistically, we showed that FAK becomes activated with TGF-β-mediated induction of EMT, a process that is dependent on Src and β3 integrin.
In line with the above description, we shall assume that (A1) Upon completion of its lifespan, every unactivated initiator cell either dies with probability, or becomes activated with probability, or remains unactivated (or resting) indefinitely with probability.
In vascular smooth muscle cells stimulated by vasoactive agents, rho undergoes GDP-GTP exchange to become activated with a subsequent translocation to the cell membrane where it interacts with its downstream effectors such as rho-kinase (ROCK).
Dendritic cells and T cells become activated with the formation of an immunological synapse a multimolecular complex at the T cell-antigen-presenting cell interface that facilitates immune cell interactions.
In SSc-PAH, ET-1 could stimulate these events on T cells, which become activated, with high LFA-1 and low L-selectin expression, and migrate in the extra-vascular space, while bosentan down-modulates these processes and prevents further priming of circulating naïve T cells.
Upon growth factor activation, Sprouty translocates to the plasma membrane, notably ruffles, where it becomes activated in association with phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) and the caveolin-1 (Cav-1) [ 6, 98– 100].
The indicator cell line carries the HIV-2 long terminal repeat-driven green fluorescence protein (GFP) gene, which becomes activated upon infection with HIV or simian immunodeficiency virus.
Although ERBB2 has no known ligand, it becomes activated after heterodimerization with other ERBB family members, the most preferred and potent combination being with ERBB1, whereas the ERBB3 homodimer remains inactive [ 57].
Inflammasome is a molecular platform for activation of caspase-1, which, when intracellular signals identify danger or microbial infection, becomes activated by binding with inflammasome to cleave such precursors of inflammatory factors as pro-IL-1β and pro-IL-18 resulting in secretion of 'mature' IL-1β and IL-18, consequently promoting the inflammatory cascade [ 43].
The Nramp1 protein becomes activated and fused with lysosomes to digest the engulfed mycobacteria (reviewed in [ 45]); (2) Nrampumpsmps iron out of macrophages, thereby reducing iron levels within both the cytoplasm and the phagolysosome, rendering the metal less available for the iron-requiring intracellular bacilli [ 46].
