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In practice, the number of initially balanced confounders could be even larger and residual confounding due to omitting all these variables from the adjustment model may become substantial, especially when these variables are strong risk factors for the outcome.
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This gain in efficiency can be substantial especially when there are patients not complying with their assigned treatments.
The bias could be substantial especially when data are sparse [ 23, 24].
Institutional investors, especially private equity and hedge funds, have become substantial equity holders in corporations.
When considering the cumulative health impacts over multiple years, the differences in the two approaches become substantial.
But when you multiply that by one work week or one month or one year, even, the numbers become substantial.
When done by hand, this characterization can become tedious, especially when many complexes need be analyzed.
Around 6% of startups become substantial businesses.
That becomes important, especially when you want something so bad.
When the mother leaves, the baby often becomes distressed, especially when a stranger is nearby.
Quantitative evaluation of bone becomes necessary especially when it comes to bone disorders.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com