Subsequently, a much larger population of cyclin B-Cdk1 becomes activated through an autoregulatory loop in which active cyclin B-Cdk1 further inactivates Wee1/Myt1 and activates Cdc25 (for reviews, see Lew and Kornbluth 1996; O'Farrell 2001; Ferrell et al. 2009; Lindqvist et al. 2009; Santos et al. 2012; Fig. 4b).
To direct these functions during an immune response, monocytes become activated through binding of conserved microbial structures to their respective pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs).
The construction of toxins that become activated through cleavage by the protease (HIV-1 PR) expressed by the HIV-1 virus is described.
It is now known that the MHC makeup on the surface of those cells is altered and the NK cells become activated through recognition of "missing self".
Upstream initiator Caspases become activated through protein interactions involving assembly of multi-protein complexes (reviewed in [2], [3]), which are often difficult to reconstitute in vitro.
When RAS family members become activated, through physiological stimuli or through mutation [7], [17], [42], [43], they signal to key pathways involved in cell growth, survival, differentiation and migration, including the RAF-MAPK [44], PI3K [45], and the RALGEF (RALGDS; ral guanine-nucleotide-dissociation stimulator) [46] pathways.
The variety of the detected phosphoproteins indicated that signaling pathways from the plasma membrane to the nucleus become activated through phosphorylation events.
Once they encounter antigen and become activated through the T cell receptor, they proliferate and generate effector T cells that are CD45RO+ with a variety of functions and that can migrate into tissues [ 5].
These proteins are latent in cytoplasm and become activated through tyrosine phosphorylation, which typically occurs through cytokine-receptor-associated kinases, Janus kinases, or growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases (Schindler and Darnell, 1995).
Both STAT3 and STAT1 can become activated through the interleukin (IL -6 receptor that consIL -6of the IL-6 receptor α-chain and thatgp130 consists receptof chain (Heinrich ethel, 2003).
