Because the upper bound for positive efficacy estimates is 1 but the lower bound for negative efficacies is −∞, each of the negative efficacy estimates was corrected.
Because the upper bound of the 95% confidence interval of the new IMI rate difference was smaller than the predefined noninferiority limit, it was concluded that the experimental product was not inferior compared with the positive control.
Note, however, that our dataset was not sensitive to velocity changes in the first 1 km depth because the upper bound of the frequency range is 0.9 Hz (Fig. 6a), although there is a slight increase of the sensitivity at the superficial layer.
Because the upper bound we used to represent the optimal result is higher than the real optimal result, therefore, the utility that the approximation algorithm gets can get closer to the optimal result and the difference is much less than two times, which confirms the approximation ratio; thus, the performance is acceptable in our simulation.
Note that Minitab only calculates a 1-sided confidence interval (CI) when the numerator of the proportion equals the denominator because the upper bound is 100%.
The difference in least squares (LS) mean change for sitagliptin versus glipizide (−0.11% [95% CI −0.29 to 0.06]) met the criterion for noninferiority because the upper bound of the 95% CI was less than the prespecified noninferiority margin (0.4%).
At week 54, treatment with sitagliptin was noninferior to treatment with glipizide in A1C change from baseline (−0.8 vs. −0.6%; between-group difference −0.11%; 95% CI −0.29 to 0.06) because the upper bound of the 95% CI was less than the prespecified noninferiority margin of 0.4%.
The upper bounds (56) follow because the total number of streams per receiver is limited by the individual MIMO link.
It is important to note that estimated inflation rates represent the upper bounds of CPI changes because consumption patterns of households would change by shifting to comparable commodities for which prices had increased to a lesser extent, which in turn would reduce the CPI impact of eliminating subsidies.
The strategy is straightforward because both the lower bounds on all modeling techniques and the upper bounds on a common class of agent-based models have been proven.
