Sentence examples for because the surface energy from inspiring English sources

During the hydrothermal reaction, Au ions nucleated between the ZnO seed layer because the surface energy is higher at the grain boundaries.

Co consequently may agglomerate into larger elongated particles in ravines because the surface energy of metallic Co (approximately 2.52 J/m2) is higher than that of ZnO (approximately 1.58 J/m2).

Especially in dry condition, which is common in optical or opto-electric applications, the superhydrophobic surface is expected to decrease the adhesion of dusts because the surface energy in surface-air interface decreases as the surface becomes superhydrophobic.

In contrast with layered crystals, cubic crystals, such as silicon and germanium, are difficult to grow two dimensionally because the surface energy of each plane is not very different and, thus, 2D structures should have higher surface energies than 3D structures due to their higher surface-to-volume ratio.

That would imply that this method cannot be used for the exfoliation of IAGs because the surface energies of these materials have been determined to be considerably higher than that of graphene.

Because of this, the surface energy is not expected to have a major effect in the chemical potential of the structure in the prediction of the nucleation sites because prior to the formation of the second layer of QDs, the wetting layer is flat, therefore this term is neglected.

Surface ligand binding and nanoparticle aggregation can exert significant influences on the structures and the properties of small nanoparticles because these factor change the surface energy, thus phase stability.

As Zn and O were exhausted in the droplet after the reaction was finished, Ag was separated from ZnO during the slow cooling process [32]; a regular polyhedron shape of Ag crystal was finally formed at the tip because of the minimization of the surface energy [33].

However, we focused on experiments using liquid substrates because they allow gradual variation of the surface energy simply by mixing two different liquids, and because they facilitate rapid equilibration of the monolayer structure.

In this study, the surface energy could be decreased because the ZnO nanorod arrays, which grow preferentially along c-axis direction on the ZnO seed-layer film, and have the lowest surface free energy compared with other random orientations of ZnO films.

The formation of the hemispherical CNT cap from the catalyst reduces the surface energy of the system because the basal plane of the graphite is much more stable than those dangling bonds [10]; in a similar way, the cap tends to flatten to minimize the system energy, which finally leads to the lift-off of the cap from the catalyst and starts the extrusion of CNTs [11].