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This is because the surface charge of the coagulant is positive.
Thus, this new process enables treatment of insulating materials because the surface charge induced by the ion impact is completely reduced by the inflow of electrons from the target plasma.
It is believed that the variation of contact angle with surface charge is caused by the change of the intensions of water-silicon dioxide and oil-silicon dioxide, because the surface charge affects the interactions between water-silicon dioxide and the interactions between oil-silicon dioxide.
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In the process of non-selective adsorption, clay minerals adsorb ions through exchangeable cations and electrostatically bound counter ions in the diffusion layer which is formed because of the surface charge.
The pH value of solution acts a vital role in controlling the interactions between the adsorbent and the dye molecules, because both the surface charge of adsorbent and the ionization degree of dye molecules are highly affected by the solution pH [7].
Because the surface charges of nanocrystals influence the electrostatic repulsive force, NP with larger zeta potential will generally reduce hydrodynamic size.
The impact of this parameter on the removal of metallic ions from solutions is clear, because it affects the surface charge of sorbent.
In most of the solid/liquid adsorption processes, the solution pH has great importance in deciding the adsorption potential of the adsorbent, because it alters the surface charge on the adsorbents (Meenakshi et al. 1991; Kamaraj et al. 2015a, b).
The pH of the aqueous solution was an important factor that affects the dye-adsorption process, because it influenced the surface charge of an adsorbent and the ionization behavior of both the adsorbent and dye [43].
Effect of pH plays one of the greatest roles in the adsorption studies because it influences the surface charge of the adsorbents, ionic mobility, the degree of ionization and speciation of different pollutants and solution chemistry of contaminants (i.e. hydrolysis, redox reactions, polymerization and coordination) (Ren et al. 2008).
The initial pH value of solution is an important factor affecting the metal sorption because it may change the surface charge of the adsorbent (Gad et al. 2013; Fiset et al. 2001); so, it is necessary to determine the point of zero charge of the used adsorbent.
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