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However, these increases should not be considered as statistically meaningful because the standard deviations of the NN-pair 3-D similarity scores also become greater and these distributions significantly overlap.
From the same point of view, we can understand that the quality of image produced by the PLR algorithm is similar to that produced by the proposed algorithm, because the standard deviations are quite close to each other.
Two sites (51JZW and 51LXT) that were included when using the DNL parameter (see Fig. 8a, b) were excluded because the standard deviations are considered when using ADNL, making the difference between the HVSRs for S-waves during strong and weak motions smaller.
This is mainly because the standard deviations are much higher in the β-galactosidase assay.
However, our significant differences and the risk of false positive results are reduced because the standard deviations and intracluster correlation coefficients seen were lower than the values assumed for the sample size calculation.
Because the standard deviations for the mean changes were not available, these data were estimated from the standard deviations for the pre-treatment and post-treatment measurements as recommend by Cochrane Collaboration, using a more conservative correlation coefficient (r = 0.4) [ 13, 14].
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This is because the standard deviation around the average is much larger than at lower altitudes and may reflect the natural behavior of the upper atmosphere.
This procedure is robust, because the standard deviation of the differences was smaller than 0.1 pIC50 unit in more than 90% of the cases (Additional file 3: Figure S1).
In the case of EPMA measurements, mean values are only reported in the tables because the standard deviation is always below 1.65, indicating the substantial homogeneity of the samples.
For example, the dry application of 100 mg TiO2 per kg dm to the soil did not yield a significant difference to the control because the standard deviation was 25% (number of juveniles: 299 ± 74) whereas the application of 50 mg/kg resulted in a statistically significant difference, reflecting the smaller standard deviation of 15% (number of juveniles: 295 ± 44).
When Tg was decreased and the deposition time was less, thinner samples and a more uniform deposition were obtained due to lesser amount of volatile precursors likely to deposit. Figure 1b shows that the junctions have a better uniformity than the films (Figure 1a) because the standard deviation (width of the box) is less.
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