The interplay between the Coulomb logarithm and the ion density results in the maximum ion ion heating rate occurring at temperatures of a few kelvin.
with e being the electron charge, ɛ0 the permittivity of free space, logΛ the Coulomb logarithm, ρi the ion density, mi the ion mass and η the ratio of secular to total kinetic energy (see Methods).
Figure 1 a d show the C/NOFS orbit, the ion density, the standard deviation of ion density variations, and the ion density perturbations (ΔN), respectively.
The deep depletions of the ion density are plasma bubbles.
Shown in the bottom row is the ion density.
Electron density is present at S1 in an ion omit map, compatible with the presence of an ion, although the density at S1 is weaker relative to the ion densities at S2 S4, as if the occupancy at S1 is reduced.
The meteorite suspension, because of the high ion density compared to pure silicone oil, ejected drops with thousands of electron charges which had to be brought near neutrality by passage through ionized air in order to be accurately measured.
There are little black circles in Fig. 2d, which is because DMSP ion density data over this longitude range don't cover the trough region in the Southern Hemisphere.
In addition, because the IIH resonance is the result of ion-ion effects and those frequencies are affected only by the relative ion density ratio rather than the absolute number density, the wave frequency could be used to estimate the local heavy ion density if a spacecraft detects multiple resonances (Kim et al., 2008).
The total ion energy gain near the low-density-side separatrices is noticeably small due to the low ion density and inflow flux, while the deposition rate to electrons increases due to extra-energy deposition at the low density-side of the exhaust region where je||E|| is notable.
