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Because the actual values of observables do not increase predictive power if added to the relevant dynamic state description, they are deemed to be 'empirically superfluous'.
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Because the actual value in each channel is only informative relative to the values in the other channels, we analysed the ratio of red to green (R/G) (Bergman and Beehner 2008).
However, it is difficult to compare the simulated values with the actual values because sensors are not available to measure the actual values for human beings.
With respect to floodwater volume also, considering the maximum flood discharge estimated in the empirical method, the floodwater volume estimated in the TR-55 method is closer to the actual values, because it estimates the maximum floodwater volume.
This shows that if the rupture speeds of earthquakes associated with the cluster activity were half of the speeds of the other earthquakes, calculated values of the stress drop could have been an order of magnitude smaller than the actual values because of the overestimated fault size.
Red arrows mark the actual values.
The actual values are shown in the corresponding tables.
These expected counts were compared to the actual values.
It doesn't change the actual values.
It is entirely possible that Italian taxpayers paid far more than they should have because the government never understood the amount being charged or because Morgan Stanley miscalculated the actual value of the transaction and over-charged unwittingly.
The ratio was used instead of the actual value because the effective lifetimes of the six as-deposited samples (before annealing) were not strictly identical, which rendered meaningless the observation of the absolute value of the effective lifetime after annealing.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com