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This result is similar to the work reported by Zhou et al. [28], in which spherical CeO2 crystallites assembled by nanoparticles were synthesized by hydrothermal treatment because small nanoparticles of CeO2 aggregated and gradually evolved into a spherical assembly, achieving a low surface energy.
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Some of the spherical aggregates might have broken because small nanoparticles are visible in microscopic images.
Organometallic precursors are commonly used for flame spray pyrolysis because small nanoparticles can be produced.
There is a red shift in the doped materials in comparison with pure Sb2Se3 because of the smaller nanoparticles of Sb2Se3, in which the bandgap is higher than the doped nanomaterials [24, 25].
Surface ligand binding and nanoparticle aggregation can exert significant influences on the structures and the properties of small nanoparticles because these factor change the surface energy, thus phase stability.
However, because of the rapid clearance of the small nanoparticles used in this study, the tumors had to be irradiated immediately after AuNP administration.
For the generation of small nanoparticles, comminution is a very inefficient process.
In the aerosol, small nanoparticles moved to the substrate because of the thermophoresis effect and were deposited through a hole in the patterned mask.
These lines are broadened because of the small nanoparticle size.
This, however, raises two major problems: first, small nanoparticles (below 15 nm diameter) do not show a pronounced plasmon resonance because of a diminishing cross section, and second, a large surface-to-volume ratio heavily damps the plasmon resonance.
For small nanoparticles, only dipole resonance modes can be excited, whereas for larger nanoparticles, quadrupole resonance modes can also be excited because of the onset of the electromagnetic retardation effect [28].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
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