It is difficult to value presenteeism economically because past studies use different measures of presenteeism, include different populations of workers and use various methods to assign dollar values to their losses.
Harmonic richness factor (HRF) and normalized amplitude quotient (NAQ) have been selected because past studies have quantified the relationship of these parameters to specific speaking behaviors including pressed speech and soft speech.
Because past studies have focused on the smoking habits of people who already had dementia, they failed to take into account that smokers tend to die earlier than nonsmokers, says Monique Breteler from Erasmus Medical School, The Netherlands.
As introduced above, an important number of conflicts have arisen among past studies, most of them because of the neglect of already existing nomenclature, or the delay of updating results from information available in the literature, or simply because overlapping of different publications.
The relationship between dose and clinical effect has often been unclear in past studies because of bias in the isolation frequencies of mixed sensitive and insensitive bacteria.
The presence of migraine was hypothesized to be associated with an increased TMD pain intensity and duration because of past studies indicating this relationship [15, 16].
The figures are higher than reported in past studies because inmates describing any symptoms of problems like major depression or mania were counted along with those with diagnosed psychiatric disorders, said Fred Osher, director of health systems at the Council on State Governments.
One characteristic of past studies is that laboratory diagnosis for encephalitis was often not complete because of lack of available diagnostics, limited scope of pathogens studied, or difficulty obtaining adequate specimens.
In addition to questioning the scope of past studies, Alderman considers some unreliable because they were funded by the industry.
This observation, which has been replicated in other studies involving large patient numbers, should be regarded as definitive, and the evidence from past studies should be disregarded because of the small sample size.
