The company, based in Yokohama, Japan, may also pay compensation because of the seats, which are mainly fitted in Boeing and Airbus planes, Mr. Kakewaga said.
While the tax has been branded "politically motivated", Tullett Prebon was itself forced to defend its intentions because of the seat on its board held by the Conservative MP Michael Fallon.
In addition, Republicans see opportunity in New York because many of the seats now in play were won by Democrats during the past two election cycles.
The size of the constituencies varies substantially, partly because some of the seats are reserved for "scheduled castes" or "scheduled tribes".
He also recalled a peculiar sound, an extra echo that bounced strangely around Tropicana Field because most of the seats were empty.
One of them is Aleksei P. Kondaurov, who is virtually assured election because half of the seats are chosen according to parties' total votes nationwide and he is ranked 13th on the Communists' federal list.
On the supervisory boards, the other component of Germany's two-tier board structure, women are slightly better represented because some of the seats are reserved for employees, but last year they still made up only 11% of the total and one-third of these boards had none at all.
But while it is often referred to as "economy-class syndrome" because of the cramped seating there, D.V.T. also occurs among those who fly in business class and first class, the researchers found.
The phenomenon tends to be worse in S.U.V.'s than in cars because of the higher seating position — the sailor up in the crow's nest is going to feel the heaves of the swells more than the seaman swabbing the deck.
That is because the performance of the seats varies depending on whether they are installed properly and because seats perform differently with different vehicle models.
