In this situation, these students will consistently score lower than the model predicts, because there is a violation of the normality assumption.
This inferential analysis was made with a non-parametric statistic (Kruskal Wallis test) due to the failure of the normality assumption or because of the ordinal nature of the data.
Because of the non-normality of the input process, the response process is non-normal too.
For modelling, the PLS approach was chosen because of the non-normality of the data [ 38].
Non-parametric tests were used for the analysis because of the non-normality of data and small sample size.
Onset of luteal activity, DO, and previous calving interval were transformed using their natural logarithm because of the non-normality of these data, and tested as continuous variables.
Because of the non-normality of length of stay, formal trimming [ 76, 77] or truncation [ 71, 77, 78] of the data, or deleting [ 5, 73, 79] "outliers" has been undertaken prior to possible data transformation.
Because of departures from the normality assumption, blood lead was natural logarithm (ln) transformed before regressing on covariates; the adequacy of this transformation was confirmed by examination of the distributions of the residuals of the final regression models.
Friedman ANOVA was used to analyze laboratory data, because the normality of the data could not be validated.
Comparison of celiac disease duration between the two groups of patients (positive vs. negative to β-cell autoantibodies) was performed by means of the parametric Mann-Whitney U test because the normality assumption of the evaluable variable was not fulfilled.
