Because of subsistence lifestyles, spiritual practices, and other cultural behaviors, tribes have multiple exposures from resource use that could result in disproportionate environmental impacts (U.S. EPA 2004).
We have not yet met the challenge of providing consumers with accessible information that includes nutritional, contaminant, ecological, and economic trade-offs associated with fish consumption choices, including guidance to consumers who vary by baseline intake, life stage, and reliance on fish intake because of subsistence needs or cultural traditions.
"We put a subsistence twist on it because of the subsistence issues we've been facing," said Tim Andrew, Director of Natural Resources for the Bethel-based Association of Village Council Presidents (AVCP).
Six months after the earthquake, Échevin (2011) finds that the location of households emerges as the main criterion to explain the assistance allocation; the programs were not specifically targeted at people who need it the most, because of their low level of subsistence or losses due to the earthquake.
In the Andapa case, rice production, and hence tavy, may serve as a form of subsistence security because the social norms dictating how rice can be used are substantially more restrictive than those for "liquid capital" (i.e., cash generated from commercial crops).
Pachauri has thanked Opondo for her answer but added that regional poor people are also affected because many are in a situation of subsistence living, and those near the coast face the impact of rising sea levels.
Assessing the energy that animals expend on locomotion is critically important, because locomotion is a mandatory feature of subsistence and energy is a finite, non-recyclable resource (Borgerhoff-Mulder, 1992), intimately tied to reproduction (Ellison, 2008).
The application of these strategies in developing countries is difficult because of differences in food production, such as the prominence of subsistence farming in developing countries.
We're talking about a big group of subsistence farmers, maybe selling informally, but they're vulnerable because they would not have built up a reserve.
For Malthus, famine was inevitable because the math of human existence did not add up: the means of subsistence grew only arithmetically (1, 2, 3), whereas population grew geometrically (2, 4, 8).
Just a matter of subsistence?
