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Charles Darwin ventured that the magnificent trains on male peacocks, which feature ornamental eyespots called ocelli, evolved because of sexual selection.
Males have been observed to have higher aerobic scopes than females, presumably because of sexual selection for a trait advantageous in prolonged combat.
The function of sex determination hierarchies (Fig. 1) is inconsistent with the view that sex determination systems evolve because of sexual selection.
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The horns of domesticated livestock can therefore be lost not because humans select directly for their reduction but because a lack of sexual selection allows alleles specifying smaller horns to increase in frequency indirectly or by chance (Mignon-Grasteau et al. 2005; Zeder et al. 2006a).
Moreover, the impact of postcopulatory processes could interact with precopulatory processes because both levels of sexual selection are expected to coevolve for optimal reproduction (Fromhage et al. 2008; Parker et al. 2013).
Because the effect of sexual selection on male size has been shown to be a main cause of sexual size dimorphism in haplorhine primates [ 17], inclusion of male body mass has the unwanted effect of including effects of sexual selection in the body mass measure.
Because the general intensity of sexual selection may be different between the sexes [ 56], it could generate an antecedent for different adaptive trajectories between males and females.
If it is true that because of a long history of sexual selection there are biological differences between genders, then the best hope for justice in a 50/50 society would be to enact permanent, gender-specific laws to counterbalance the effects of evolution, which would in turn undermine the goal of minimizing gender itself.
This crustacean species is of interest in terms of sexual selection because it exhibits precopulatory mate guarding, i.e. a male captures a female before she is receptive and carries her beneath him, in "precopula", until she moults into sexual maturity and is ready to mate [18], [19].
(My theory could probably be called "Generalized Agentic Selection" without losing much. I prefer, however, Generalized Sexual Selection, because of the recognized history of sexual selection as a theory).
These results further our understanding of sexual selection because they identify that genetic identity plays a significant role in phenotypic variation in female behaviour and fecundity.
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