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The phenomenon of heterotypic resistance has also been described in Staphylococcus spp. [ 29] and may evolve because of selective pressure from frequent exposure to antimicrobials [ 24, 30, 31].
The guiding principle of this family of approaches is that functional features of a DNA sequence tend to evolve slower than non-functional ones, because of selective pressure.
These causative variations, the so-called "drivers", are emerging because of selective pressure during tumorigenesis, whereas many mutations are only incidental or caused by genome instabilities, so-called "passengers" [ 11].
Because of selective pressure, G6PD mutations resulting in reduced erythrocytic G6PD activity levels are typically frequent in malaria-endemic regions. 1 Thailand and southeast Asia are no exceptions, with G6PD deficiency reaching over 15% prevalence in certain populations.
These causative variations, the so-called 'drivers', are emerging because of selective pressure during tumorigenesis, whereas many mutations are only incidental or caused by genome instabilities, so-called 'passengers' (12).
Because predicted miRNA target sites on mRNAs have a decreased SNP density because of selective pressure at functional elements (Chen and Rajewsky, 2006; Mu et al., 2011; Saunders et al., 2007), we wondered whether the same is true for miRNA target sites in circRNAs.
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Although a few plants may eventually dominate the ecosystem because of selective pressures, the presence and effect of less abundant species is still significant in promoting a self-sustainable ecosystem (Tilman et al. 2001).
Kaiser wanted to know if the gene loss was utterly random or if D. miranda was holding on to genes that are more costly to lose because of selective pressures.
The ITS2 RNA secondary structures yielded homologous models that grouped conserved species features in the Eunicea subgenus (e.g. long helix IV), though it is important to note that these molecular structures can also produce homoplasies because of selective pressures acting on particular helix features such as the 6-helicoidal ring core, conserved among most eukaryotes.
Aliens and hot peppers may not seem to have any direct connection to fish, but when it comes to plaques on cars evolution proceeds in leaps that are completely unpredictable, perhaps because of the kind of selective pressure at work.
This situation may reflect the loss of these genes from the Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Ostreococcus tauri and O. lucimarinus genomes, possibly because of the lack of selective pressure to maintain these enzymes.
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