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These are valid negative reactions, reflecting true absence of analyte because of sampling variability at low target concentration.
In interpreting these findings, however, it should be noted that mineralogic analysis of the lungs can be biased because of sampling variability within the lung itself.
Because of sampling variability it is not surprising that the point estimate of the upper bound can be smaller than the point estimate based on all subjects.
In our context a random effects meta-analysis considers that the cluster-specific estimates vary not only because of sampling variability but also because of differences in true concordance probabilities.
In practice, sufficiently accurate prediction of the lines based on previous data is difficult because of sampling variability in the estimates of the intercepts and slopes of each line and because each previous study will likely generate a different line, even without sampling variability, due to differences in interventions.
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However, this may be a result of sampling variability because the two areas selected do not constitute the representative areas of Yoruba and Igbo ethnic groups.
It is also worth noting that the CIs around each RR are very wide, indicating that, for example, the slightly larger RR seen in the highest exposure group of the Dutch study (Hooiveld et al. 1998) compared with the Hamburg study (Flesch-Janys et al. 1995) (RR = 2.3 vs. RR = 1.89) might only be the result of sampling variability because their 95% CIs overlap considerably (1.0 5.0 vs. 0.79 4.51).
In a third step, if the relative differences were because of random sampling variability, the respective regression of the arithmetical means of the same time intervals as the appropriate description of the correlation was accepted.
Odds ratios (ORs) are significantly different if their 95% CIs do not include the value 1. Estimates with a CV between 16.6 and 33.3% are considered to be of marginal quality because of high sampling variability and are indicated in the tables.
§This estimate is considered to be of marginal quality because of the high sampling variability associated with it.
To the extent that the model assumptions fail to hold (for example, because of data anomalies, unmeasured confounding or sampling variability in the rates) some degree of over-dispersion and a widening of the confidence intervals is to be expected.
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