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The SIR are crude estimates of underlying ward-specific relative risks because of sampling uncertainty where they are based on small numbers of cases hence smoothed estimates of these relative risks (RR) were calculated using the autoregressive conditional model [ 28, 29].
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This was likely a consequence of the additional sampling uncertainty in the test statistic estimator used for this upper-tail screening, because the 95th percentile value had to be estimated from the data.
Sampling uncertainty will be estimated using bootstrap procedure because cost data are non-normally distributed.
That's because of sampling theory.
Economic evaluation is subject to uncertainty not only because of sample variation but also because of assumptions made and generalisability issues [ 25].
Measurement of the extent of in vivo apoptosis is difficult because of uncertainty in sampling, although it is likely that patients with SLE have increased apoptosis of peripheral blood lymphocytes.
Quantitative variables were compared between groups with and without virologic rebound by exact Wilcoxon two-sample non-parametric tests because of the uncertainty of whether the small sample met assumptions of a normal distribution.
Because of the uncertainty of follow-up, the sample size was expanded by 20%; therefore, a total of 312 patients were needed.
Despite increased uncertainty because of temporal sampling differences, significant overall agreement exists (r = 0.83; slope = 0.86; intercept = 1.15 μg/m; n = 244).
Because of the uncertainty surrounding our assumed parameters, we used a Monte Carlo sampling method to evaluate the robustness of our results [50].
Furthermore, sample sizes are lower in year 2 because of funding uncertainty and severe curtailment of data collection.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com