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This is principally because of proxy responses.
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Approximately one-third of interviews involved the use of proxy responses by patients' designated informal care givers because of patients' severe illnesses or degree of cognitive dysfunction.
In analyses of proxy responses there was little evidence of differences in accuracy between self- and proxy reports in persons with different health and functional characteristics.
Results were not affected by exclusion of proxy responses.
Our a priori decision to conduct all analyses with and without proxy responses compensated somewhat for the high proportion of proxy responses.
However, reliability of proxy responses was poor for questions on details of agricultural practices.
However, there is support for the reliability and construct validity of proxy responses.
Concerning people with disability agreement and reliability of proxy responses tend to be best for relatives, lower for friends, and lowest for health care proxies [ 30].
Even though proxies still report more limitations, the magnitude of proxy response bias was very small.
Extensive literature has assessed the extent of proxy response bias.
When using survey data obtained from proxies, researchers should describe possible effects of proxy response bias on study results.
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