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Responses of ecosystems to climate change are complex because of multiple confounding factors acting together over a range of temporal and spatial scales (Sistla et al., 2013; Keenan et al., 2014).
Although preterm and low birth weight infants are more likely to have birth defects, the effect of birth defects on preterm birth and low birth weight has been difficult to study because of multiple confounding risk factors [ 24, 25].
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(12 This is not the same as the drug response because it incorporates effects of multiple confounding factors unrelated to the drug itself, including: the passage of time; physical aspects of the implantation procedure; learning effects on the tests, and so on.
After adjusting for multiple confounders, clinical seizures remained significantly associated with late death or NDI (odds ratio, 3.15; 95% CI, 2.37-4.19).ELBW infants with clinical seizures are at increased risk for adverse neurodevelopmental outcome, independent of multiple confounding factors.
This data allowed the evaluation of multiple confounding factors that may influence this association.
Determining the cause of acute pelvic pain in pregnant women can be difficult because of the multiple confounding factors found in normal pregnancy.
We believe that the results of the effects of SHS exposure on the newborn anthropometric measurements, in this study, are reliable because we adjusted for multiple confounding factors which are known to influence the birth weight (Table 3).
Observational studies may overestimate treatment effects because of confounding; minimizing confounding is the principal reason for doing randomized trials.
A reliable appraisal of the role of sepsis-induced immunosuppression in clinical settings is limited by the multiple confounding risk factors of nosocomial infections.
In no case could we exclude multiple confounding factors as the cause of the reported adverse effects (Table 4).
Multiple confounding measures were controlled for.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com