We estimated FST among the inferred populations for each sex separately because rates of dispersal in black-backed woodpeckers are likely much >10% given the ephemeral nature of their habitat.
However, comparative data suggest that most juvenile dispersal is "voluntary" [16], because the costs of dispersal may be low when unoccupied areas are available to immigrants [17].
The distributions of these species, and heritable diversity within each, are largely determined through abiotic mechanisms because the sole mechanism of dispersal is the planktotrophic larval stage, which may require 4 6 weeks of development before an individual is competent to settle.
"Because of this dispersal of delivery I think the time has come for us to take a step back and ask, is the NAO fit for purpose when it becomes the only show in town and when we've got such decentralised delivery mechanisms?
More suited to rural customers' consumption habits because of its dispersal and distance from villages, the "Nour" system is based on a prepaid meter.
Because of the dispersal of government in the US you have to engage all elements – the media, the pentagon, the white house, etc.
Accurate determination of origin from any particular locale is difficult because of global dispersal and isolate recombination (19 ).
Because of such dispersal potential, ranges of marine organisms have frequently been considered to be vast, even though marine species can also exhibit cryptic speciation and fine-scale endemism [ 2- 4].
Evaluating the likelihood that significant prey species also will colonise restored areas is also important; if they do not do so (perhaps because of poor dispersal capacity), otherwise-suitable habitat may be unable to support populations of the endangered taxon.
However, because it is unknown to what extent AFLP loci are linked to genes under selection, the close association between genetic and environmental variation may be the combined result of direct selective forces on linked genes and of decreased gene flow because of reduced dispersal ability as a result of habitat differences.
