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Because no GIS data were available, "retail floor area ratio" was omitted from the formula.
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Conversely, higher daily water intake was observed in participants reporting GIS (vs. no-GIS).
Conversely, higher water intake during running was observed in participants reporting GIS (vs. no-GIS).
No significant differences in pre- and post-stage acetoacetic acid concentration were observed between GIS and no-GIS and DI and no-DI along the MSUM.
No significant differences in pre- and post-event acetoacetic acid concentration were observed between GIS and no-GIS in the 24 h.
No significant differences in energy intake (total and adjusted), energy expenditure, and energy deficit were observed between GIS and no-GIS in the 24 h (Fig. 3b).
The presence of GIS during the MSUM was associated with a significant reduction in daily carbohydrate and fat intakes, compared with no-GIS (Table 4).
Rate of carbohydrate intake during running was also significantly lower (−8 g/h) in participants reporting GIS (p < 0.01 vs. no-GIS) (Fig. 4).
On this occasion, during both the MSUM and 24 h, the type of carbohydrates consumed (i.e. quantity of highly resistant and fermentable carbohydrates associated with GIS [48]) did not differ between GIS and no-GIS.
Despite the presence of GIS being associated with a slower time to completion (28 h 43 min ± 4 h 32 min; 7.9 ± 1.3 km/h) compare with no-GIS (25 h 52 min ± 4 h 12 min; 8.9 ± 1.3 km/h), no significant difference in GIS was observed for running speed.
Indeed, compared with no-GIS, incidence of GIS were associated with (1) lower daily energy, carbohydrate, and fat intakes; (2) lower energy and carbohydrate intakes during running; and (3) poorer recovery nutrition throughout the MSUM.
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