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The DEMS study was considered groundbreaking both because it controlled for factors like smoking, and because it selected mines that produce non-metallic substances such as limestone, potash, and salt.
We thereafter only refer to the analysis based on the ratio between aggressive interactions/all interactions because it controlled for colony size and activity of the colony.
Previous studies found low-level lead exposure was a risk factor for diminished academic abilities, however, this study is distinct because of the very large sample size and because it controlled for very low birth weight and early preterm birth two factors closely associated with lower academic performance.
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The oocyte donation model was chosen because it controls for oocyte quality and endometrial receptivity, which allows variations in sperm quality as a function of male age to be the only dependent variable.
NSF data provides an accurate proxy of a state's academic productivity, because it controls for multiple authorship by counting papers fractionally.
The case-crossover design is particularly useful here because it controls for trends and seasonal patterns in the dependent and independent variables.
We used a mixed cross-sectional and longitudinal design; this gives greater power to detect developmental change because it controls for within-group variability at a given age.
The use of panel data is justified because it controls for unobserved heterogeneity across individuals.
39 40 The Andersen-Gill model was selected because it controls for interparticipant as well as intraparticipant variability in event rates.
We used an interrupted times series design, 37 which can provide powerful evidence of causal effects because it controls for secular trends in study outcomes.
The time-stratified control selection method is frequently used in environmental health studies because it controls for time trends, seasonality, and overlap bias (Basu et al. 2005; Crouse et al. 2012; Janes et al. 2005a, 2005b; Tong et al. 2012).
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