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Assessing health effects of contaminants in cetaceans is difficult because experimental exposures are precluded and fresh tissues are rarely available.
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However, the relevance of these studies to human arsenic exposures was unknown because most species of experimental animals metabolize and excrete arsenic much differently than humans (NRC 1999, 2001; Vahter 1999).
The image collection periods and exposures were identical for the different experimental conditions.
Because arsenic exposure is widespread and diabetes prevalence is reaching epidemic proportions, experimental studies using arsenic concentrations relevant to human exposure and prospective epidemiologic studies measuring arsenic biomarkers and appropriately assessing diabetes should be a research priority.
We selected an intermediate value of OD 5 as the experimental exposure, because it was associated with high survival of wild-type flies during the first 48 hr after exposure.
Unfortunately, the relevance of the doses used in the experimental studies to human exposure is not certain because internal or serum BPA levels were not determined in the studies.
The experimental design of caffeine exposure is shown in Fig. 1.
For the mechanistic models (models 4 and 5), the validation approach cannot be extrapolated because no experimental parameter is derived from the exposure data.
Methods: EMF of mobile phones exposure was scheduled according to a sham-exposure controlled experimental design.
Although subjects were hospitalized overnight prior to each experimental exposure, it remains possible that uncontrolled environmental exposures, before and after the experimental exposures, affected their responses.
Although this observation does not support the postulate that autonomic activity is altered after PM exposure, it is limited because our experimental data were collected in anesthetized rats.
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