Twelve month data were used, because any effect of treatment on weight has not been shown to persist beyond this follow-up point.
Because any effect of metformin may be mediated through decreasing severity of organ dysfunction, we assessed acute organ dysfunction on the day of ICU admission using the laboratory cutoff values in the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score criteria for kidney, liver, and coagulation system dysfunction [ 31].
Comparing the allele frequency in a single segregant bulk after phenotypic selection to a null frequency of 0.5 to detect causative mutations should be avoided, however, because any effects of a genetic variant on fitness can cause allele frequencies to deviate from this null model, increasing false positives.
In our initial study of CBZ, we speculated that a mechanism independent of TOR (target of rapamycin) kinase was involved in the autophagy-enhancing activity because we could not detect any effect of rapamycin on cellular ATZ load in a mammalian cell line or in the liver of the ATD mouse model (Hidvegi et al., 2010).
An 'ever-exposed' to TNFi model was selected as the primary exposure definition for TNFi because it was hypothesised that any effect of TNFi on cancer risk would be long-lasting and may operate in the latent period of a cancer.
Because ryanodine binding is use-dependent, any effect of agents that increase the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration on [H]ryanodine binding might simply reflect regulation of intracellular RyR by Ca2+.
It may differ from a direct measure of the wage rate because the equilibrium wage incorporates any effects of absenteeism as a compensating differential.
But doubts began to emerge over the last 15 years, explains physiologist Ole Nielsen of the University of Aarhus in Denmark, because studies failed to show any effects of lactic acid on muscle function.
However, it is unlikely that TWEAK functions in an autocrine manner in MC3T3-E1 cells, because we did not observe any effects of Fn14-Fc chimera alone on RANTES production, BMP-2-induced differentiation, and RANKL expression.
Once exposed to angiotensin receptor blockers, however, patients remained in the ever exposed group even if they subsequently stopped treatment; we used this strategy because any causal effect of angiotensin receptor blocker use on cancer risk would likely manifest as a diagnosis only some time after harmful exposure.
Denatured YB-1 had only a marginal influence on proliferation, ruling out any effect because of endotoxin contamination of the YB-1 preparation.
