Retrotransposon sequences are adjacent to the gene suggesting a mechanism whereby a functional gene has become non functional as a result of retrotransposon activity and concomitant genome rearrangements.
However, when a BPR intersects a gene, that does not necessarily mean that the gene has been broken and become non functional.
All three predicted proteins lack a complete WRKY domain and two (BdWRKY65 and BdWRKY75) contain adjacent retrotransposon sequences suggesting that these genes have become non functional due to retrotransposon insertion and associated genome rearrangements.
Prior to glaciations, an integrated karstic aquifer could develop with flow controlled by conduits; however, this original, converging flow system became non-functional when the Quaternary sediments drastically modified the boundary hydrologic conditions and the head distribution.
Lift nets were minimally damaged, but irrespective of the deployment duration, all hoop nets had broken/missing meshes (lost as marine debris), and those left for up to 12 days quickly became non-functional.
Our analysis of the GC-D gene shows that it became non-functional early in primate evolution; this event occurred either prior to the divergence of tarsiers, New World monkeys and catarrhine primates, or independently early in each lineage.
Alternatively, there may have been insufficient time for the genes to become highly diverged since they became non-functional.
The latter became non-functional, subject in the course of evolution to gradual elimination from the genome accompanying the loss of function.
A central model that has been strongly supported by Ohno [ 56] states that a duplicate gene can accumulate mutations and become non-functional (non-functionalization) or diverge to a novel function (neo-functionalization) while the other duplicate keeps its original function.
Many duplicated genes have a short lifespan, as one of the two copies is either lost or degenerates and becomes non-functional (non-functionalization).
Indeed, following a duplication, the most common occurrence is for only one of the two gene copies to maintain the parental function, while the other becomes non-functional (pseudogenization) or acquires a new function (neofunctionalization) [ 3].
