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Multiple scientific studies of polar bears indicate negative relationships between exposure to these contaminants and health parameters; however, these are all of a correlative nature and do not represent true cause-and-effects.
These controlled studies using model species for polar bears indicate that the correlative findings between health endpoint and contaminants in polar bears could be a cause-and-effect relationship.
However, analysis of nuclear intron sequences (Hailer et al. 2012) and whole-genome sequences (Miller et al. 2012) of brown and polar bears indicate monophyly of both species, as expected.
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Because polar bears live in remote regions where no direct PFOA source is known, detection of PFOA in polar bears indicates the uptake from the surrounding environment [1].
Protein synthesis and breakdown are both lower in wintering compared to summering black bears, indicating a lowered metabolism in animals in winter [45].
Though this characterization pertains just to their realized niches, the fact that their distributions in Thung Yai were not constrained by presence of the other species, and that elsewhere in Southeast Asia sun bears are relatively common in montane forest in the absence of black bears, indicates that their fundamental niches (i.e., the niche in the absence of competitors) overlap significantly.
The phylogeographic history of red foxes is highly similar to that previously described for grey wolves and brown bears, indicating that climatic fluctuations and habitat changes since the Pleistocene had similar effects on these highly mobile generalist species.
The inscriptions they bear indicate that royal devotees often turned their palaces over to religious use; so it is likely that palace and monastic architecture were very close in style.
In relative terms, amphipod mass was ranked as moderate predictor of black bear activity, indicating that bears were also responding to their quantity.
Our observations of bear sign indicated that both sun bears and black bears regularly climbed trees in each of the three main habitats of Thung Yai.
However, investigations on Svalbard bears have indicated immune toxic effects at OHC exposure concentrations similar to the East Greenland polar bear's [ 13, 14, 35, 36] and multiple studies in the laboratory and field show similar biological effects [ 13, 14, 37- 39].
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